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Alternative Retirement Plan Investment: The Checklist

In August 2025, Executive Order No. 14330 instructed the Department of Labor (DOL) to reexamine existing guidance concerning alternative assets, including cryptocurrency, in ERISA plans. Although the executive order did not change the law, it prompted the DOL to rescind existing guidance on private equity investments in ERISA-covered 401(k) plans. The department had already rescinded Compliance Assistance Release No. 2022-01, which warned that fiduciaries should exercise “extreme care” when adding a cryptocurrency investment option to a 401(k) plan’s investment menu. This executive order presumably paves the way for private equity and cryptocurrency investments to be offered in defined contribution plans. But does it?

Fiduciary duties still attach to decisions to add nontraditional investment alternatives to a plan’s investment menus. As a result, plan sponsors must thoroughly evaluate alternative investments and any funds that invest in them. Numerous articles have been written about private equity and cryptocurrency as investment options. The following is a non-exhaustive list of questions fiduciaries may wish to consider before selecting any alternative investment. This list is not intended as legal advice and does not replace consultation with a qualified investment professional.

Investment Objectives

What are the investment objectives or strategies of the investment?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Is the investment allowable under any plan documents and investment policy statement (if one exists)?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Are the goals of the investment consistent with the interests of the plan, and its participants and beneficiaries, considering such aspects as the likelihood of appropriate return, risk, and time horizon?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Do participants have a level of sophistication that makes it likely they will use the investment option appropriately?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Should there be any limits to the availability of the investment?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Will the investment provide information that will adequately inform participants of how it works, how it differs from other investments, the fees and risks involved, and what restrictions apply?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Will the investment add to the investment diversification already available to plan participants?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Are the total investment fees, including any management fees and expenses, reasonable?

☐ Yes  ☐ No


Investment Performance

Is the manager of the investment acting in a fiduciary capacity?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Is this a long-term manager and does the manager have a track record of success?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

What is the investment performance history?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

How does this investment compare to other investments with similar features?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

What time horizon should be considered in selecting the investment?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Does the performance meet requirements under the plan?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

What are the primary risks of the investment or industry?

☐ Yes  ☐ No


Effect on Operation and 5500 Filings

Will the investment have sufficient liquidity to handle cash outflows (including hardship distributions, loans, and required minimum distributions)?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Will that fund option be able to accommodate investments of relatively small amounts over time via payroll deduction?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Will the investment subject itself to the retirement plan’s qualified domestic relations order (QDRO) and beneficiary procedures (which might require the investment to be split with, respectively, a divorcing spouse or beneficiaries)?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Is there sufficient liquidity to allow for rollovers and distributions?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Will the investment be benefit-responsive insofar as subjecting itself to the retirement plan’s QDRO and beneficiary procedures (which might require the investment to be split with, respectively, a divorcing spouse or beneficiaries)?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Will the investment provide adequate information for the plan administrator to satisfy its reporting obligations, including regular valuations of investments, annual and quarterly fee disclosures (the latter of which must state the fees and expenses that were actually incurred by each participant), and reports of commissions paid?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Will the investment affect the plan’s annual audit process, the time or cost of conducting an audit, or audit waiver qualifications?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Is the investment being valued reasonably, and will the valuation be acceptable for annual audit purposes?

☐ Yes  ☐ No


Potential Conflicts of Interest

Do any fiduciaries stand to gain (financially or otherwise) if participants select this investment?

☐ Yes  ☐ No

Do any decision-makers or “influencers” have personal funds invested in the investment or stand to earn a commission from the plan investment?

☐ Yes  ☐ No


Process

In looking at the records of the decision, is there sufficient documentation to show that there was a prudent selection process in choosing the investment? (This may include meeting minutes, investment reports, prospectuses, participation agreements, historical return data, participant census information, etc.)

☐ Yes  ☐ No


While all prohibited transactions must be avoided, certain alternative investments increase the risk of certain types of self-dealing that might violate a plan sponsor’s fiduciary obligations. For example, suppose a CEO has personal funds invested in private equity. To the CEO, it makes sense to allow 401(k) participants to invest in that same private equity investment since the CEO already determined it is a prudent investment (for that individual CEO). However, might the additional 401(k) investments reduce the risk of loss to the CEO’s personal investment? Might the CEO be able to aggregate his or her personal investment with the plan’s investment to exert additional influence on the underlying companies?

The process of safely adding investment options outside of a traditional retirement plan portfolio is complex, and the answers to some of the questions posed may raise other questions for your plan. However, proceeding carefully and documenting the information considered in making a decision is more likely to result in a retirement plan fiduciary meeting its fiduciary obligations, which increases the likelihood that investment options will be appropriate and minimizes potential liabilities.

If you have questions about this or anything else pertaining to employee benefits, please contact the authors of this article or the Carlton Fields attorney with whom you normally communicate.

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